Ds3 attunement ring. Bountiful Sunlight, Chaos Fire Whip, Chaos Storm, Great Chaos Fireball, Soothing Sunlight, Sunlight Spear, and Pursuers require two attunement slots each. Ds3 attunement ring

 
 Bountiful Sunlight, Chaos Fire Whip, Chaos Storm, Great Chaos Fireball, Soothing Sunlight, Sunlight Spear, and Pursuers require two attunement slots eachDs3 attunement ring  Attunement is needed on top of

For this build, we recommend a Strength level of at least 40, Intelligence and Faith of 20 each. The basic version can be found past the Belfry Gargoyles in Belfry Luna. my stats for nameless king are: vigor 53, attunement 16, endurance 30, vitality 65, strength 65, dexterity 20,. C$10. For each point of Attunement up to the soft cap at 35, you receive a gradually increasing amount of Focus Points, from 5-10. Grants 15% Fire boost but reduces absorption by 10%. Part Attunement Slot Ring of the huge popularity of playing online comes from the many ways players Attunement Slot Ring can win real cash fast Free Spins valid for 72 hours from credit Listed below are the 4 free. Suggested - Soul Level 120 40. Biggest disappointment. That part about agility also really matters as agility is the king of dark souls 2, it heightens the player reward for levelling attunement while still rewarding levelling ADP as it levels faster with ADP. Lasts 30 seconds. The best ring for attunement is the Darkmoon Ring, which gives you two additional attunment slots. " Shortens spell casting time. A polearm with a sharp, hard pronged head that inflicts thrust attacks. The Darkmoon Ring is a ring in Dark Souls III. Guaranteed drop from a non-hostile Deacon in the Cathedral of the Deep. A special ring given to those who are deemed fit to undertake the journey of discovery in Vinheim, home of sorcery. Base Ashen Estus Flask recover 80 FP per use. as you increase your attunement you will eventually earn more attunement slots you get your first one at 10 attunement, and I don't know when you get your next one from there since I didn't go magic This modest-looking ring contains very powerful magic. In this context, a "cap" is the upper limit of a certain variable, such as a particular stat. B tier: rings that aren’t as necessary as the A or S tier rings. Grants 50% increase in Estus Recovery. Business, Economics, and Finance. Adds many slots for attunement. After 35 it goes down to 2-3 FP per point. DESCRIPTION. We share all the nitty-gritty details of each of Dark Souls 3's starting character classes, so you can decide now and get into the game faster. Equipment Load is a stat that determines your mobility based on the weight of the armor, weapons and rings you have equipped. The Convergence Mod. Sage Ring Priestess Ring. An alledged serial killer whose quest for vengence is central to a sidequest in Dark Souls II, he reappears in Dark Souls III as a part of Sirris of The Sunless Realm's sidequest and later as an invader in Irithyll of The Boreal Valley. Ring weighs 0. You can access the vendor by talking to the catbot next to the repair catbot. Pyros aren't like in DS1, they're kind of lackluster without some Int/Faith investment. If you're playing melee with spell support, I'd aim for three slots (18 att). Although it took quite a bit of time, I finally ranked the 70+ rings that can be used in DS3. That meant a character with high attunement could have access to literally hundreds of spells, and attuning a varity of spells meant you also got a guaranteed number of casts for every. 92 carat. Victoria, BC. Stamina can be increased by investing points into Endurance when leveling up or by equipping certain items. Bountiful Sunlight, Chaos Fire Whip, Chaos Storm, Great Chaos Fireball, Soothing Sunlight, Sunlight Spear, and Pursuers require two attunement slots each. See All. Attunement is a stat in Dark Souls 3 that determines the number of attunement slots or amount of spells you can carry at the same time, and also raises Focus Points. Its dark blue hues, deeper than the darkest moon, reflect sorcerer Sulyvahn's true nature. Does not respawn when killed. 1. Also determines number of attunement slots, or how many spells can be equipped at once. If you would like to re-spec your character, you will have to visit Rosaria, Mother of Rebirth. Reply Replies (0) 3 +1. Wearing special rings can increase the number of Attunement slot: The White Seance Ring which grant more Attunement slot by 1. Anonymous. Luck 7. Allows attunement of an additional spell Locations Found / Sold. So the grass crest shield is great on pyrosEquipment Load. Anri of Astora Information. Stamina regen speed is more important on hybrid than anything else besides an ultra great weapon user. The +1 variant can be found in a chest in the Brightstone Cove Tseldora. Attuned equipment is equipment that has been upgraded in the Mystic Forge to gain one extra infusion slot. So I'd say it would be easier to just play as a melee build until you can get some good spells and rings. . Small Shields. Effects: Raises the player's Health Points by 7% Location: is a Burial Gift at the very beginning of the game, or bought via the Shrine Handmaid for 1,500 souls following the player's acquisition of the Dreamchaser's Ashes. The White Seance Ring which grant more Attunement slot by 1. Live Casino Games Essentially a Reiki Level 2 Attunement is a process that attunes you to a higher frequency of Reiki energy, enabling you to channel Reiki energy and use the Reiki 2 symbols and mantras These casinos Dark Souls 2 Ring That Increases Attunement Slots are always offering new bonuses and promotions to their players A minimum. Memorizing Spells can be done while resting at any Sites of Grace. EntropySpark. Ring Slots Dark Souls 3 - fivestarabc. Bellowing Dragon Crest Ring: Boosts casting damage. Renowned for being one of the only DS3 greatswords meant for. Weight: 0. elden ring players equipping the uchi in ds3 then realizing it doesnt instantly proc bleed and kill bosses. In an empty room with a corpse and a huge Spider-like enemy. If you're playing a caster with a little melee on the side, I'd go for four (24 att) or five (30 att) slots. If you're playing a caster with a little melee on the side, I'd go for four (24 att) or five (30 att) slots. Shown here: 2. so I guess only go past 27 if you're using ashen ring or need 5 spell slots. SundayMornin. Weight: 0. the hide says that i should have three attunement slots by now but i only have two. The exact breakpoints is per weapon, and is found by [ (Maximum damage increase - no damage increase) + 1 ]. Where to Find Bellowing Dragoncrest Ring. Saint's Ring is a Ring in Dark Souls 3. A tier: rings that can help improve certain builds and can either augment damage or defense. Alternatively, there are two magic rings you can find that increase your attunement slots by 1. This is how others see you. Starting equipment for the Pyromancer. Faith 9. Base Power. After 35 Attunement you recieve only 2-4 Focus Points per point of Attunement until the hard cap at 99. Kinda Funny how in DS1 this ring was never removed but in DS3 this ring is equipped and unequipped the most out of all rings. Getting summoned every 1-5 minutes. 7 Starting equipment of the Sorcerer class. Submit. The following are weapons that. Lucerne. This Dark Souls 3 Iudex Gundyr Guide features locations, strategies and videos on how to defeat Iudex Gundyr easily, as well as tips, weaknesses, trivia and lore notes for the Iudex Gundyr boss. From the bonfire after the chapel go along the path, until. They memorize. So the grass crest shield is great on pyros. As you add points to your attunement stat, you will gain slots, but it may take several points in the stat to equal one slot. 2-1. Reply Replies (2) 48 +1. Confirming the action. This greatsword, bestowed only upon elite knights, is a relic of the ruined land of Astora. Depending on your build it may be worth leveling dex though, you get an extra ring slot (which comes in handy for a caster since both dragon rings are pretty much obligatory) and there's a couple of weapons that scale with Int/dex like Friede's Scythe or Aquamarine Dagger. From the first bonfire, proceed onward and turn left on the first path. An old fable in Londor claims that the lure of the clutch ring reaches out to the crestfallen, who might otherwise be overcome by despair. Golden (piece name) associated with Dragonslayer Ornstein, from the age of gods, and imbued with the strength of lightning. Magic Clutch Ring. Location. There are a total of 116 rings found throughout the entirety of Dark Souls 3, spanning from the base experience,. Depending on your build it may be worth leveling dex though, you get an extra ring slot (which comes in handy for a caster since both dragon rings are pretty much obligatory) and there's a couple of weapons that scale with Int/dex like Friede's Scythe or. Skill: Perseverance. To farm the gems, go to the Church of Yorshka bonfire. Reply Replies (0) 9 +1. Reply Replies (7) 152 +1. Dark Clutch Ring. Elden Ring's Memory Stones are a departure from Dark Souls 3's Attunement stat which was a combination of both FP and memory slots. +2 = 75;. Red tearstone ring = increase attack by 25% at 50% below hp. the bottom of the barrel of ds3 rings. From that point, every three points gives you an additional slot until you. . You don't need +1/2 but it helps. Attunement Slots; 9 or less: 0: 10-13: 1: 14-17: 2: 18. Submit. Rings are wearable items in Dark Souls 3. Attunement is an expression of your character's magical range. 0-1. " Maybe he could be a. 2: Hex Power +20% / -30 HP per cast: Pilgrims of Dark: Ancient Dragon Seal: 0. Players have hundreds of. For every ten points invested in this stat, players gain a new slot. 12 Attunement 35 Endurance 15 Vitality 20 Strength 50 Dexterity 10 Intelligence 10 Faith 30 Luck. 1x can be obtained by trading the Coiled Sword Fragment with the Crow. Sweep foes in a large spinning motion, and utilize momentum to transition into an overhanded strong attack smash. Submit. 13. Crafted entirely with steel, making it exceedingly heavy. Raise the Attunement attribute high enough to get 1 Attunement slot. They memorize countless. 5 Cathedral of the Deep: Darkmoon Ring: Adds many slots for attunement: 0. Last time I played the convergence mod, the poisonbite ring was near one of the fires you put out to fight abyss watchers, the one where you get invaded by Heysel normally. Get over yourselves. Weight: 0. "Jecht sounds like a chain smoking lunch lady, and looks like he crawled out of a dumpster". From the Irithyll Dungeon bonfire, head straight into the large room and then turn right, proceed until the end of the corridor and open the gate with the. You not only spend your attunement slots and stat investment into faith/intelligence, but also sacrifice estus for that deal. Lore. Astora Greatsword. 14 or 18 (2 or 3 slots) is typically recommended for most melee, spellsword, or hybrid builds where magic is secondary. Grants additional magic attunement slots. Adds many slots for attunement. Elden Ring Key Items;. The Ashen Estus Ring is a ring in Dark Souls III. Saint's Ring: Allows attunement of additional spells 0. bersekles • 2 yr. Michael Hill Engagement Ring . Lowest Strength. Stand in front of the wall and wait for the ballista to fire, then dodge away. Personally I hate having more than three spells - I always find myself using the wrong one by mistake or missing my opening because I'm cycling through them. Attunement Slots are the player's maximum equipped number of Sorceries, Pyromancies and Miracles. Can swap between pontiffs right eye farron ring steel prot havels whatever. Pillaged off a corpse in The Catacombs, in a coffin not too far past the 1st fog door (after the 2nd switch bridge), hidden in a large room behind a breakable wall (indicated by a developers' message reading "Treasure"), and guarded by a Giant Skeleton. Sorcerer Sorcerer starting stats are: Level: 6. If you're playing a caster with a little melee on the side, I'd go for four (24 att) or five (30 att) slots. The spell slots acquired in Elden Ring are almost complete freebies that require wandering around and you can simply get a lot of spell slots almost instantly on a new character. Reply Replies (0) 19 +1. Bellowing Dragoncrest Ring – Increases sorceries damage by 20-ish% percent, depending on the spell. News. Jackpot City is famous for their big jackpots and high limit slots. Grants 3 additional attunement slots. Praise the Sun! You get your next attunement slot at 14. 20 attunement is perfect because. Life Ring +1 (NG+) Effects: Raises the player's Health Points by 8%. Load more. Hexes from Dark Souls 2 did not return as a spell category; instead, they appear as dark miracles, dark pyromancies, and dark sorceries. Anonymous. Icon In-Game Description;. If you want to parry/riposte, switch murky to chaos dagger. The Ashen Estus Ring is useful for builds that invest many. 0. Name. Boosts attack power when HP is full. Designed for a focus on thrust attacks, this sword is hard and sharp, but not unusually heavy. If the player is comfortable with using only a few spells at once, and they don't mind. For example: Bare fist get a 24 attack rating increase under 2. I am not sure when you get your first slot. Effect. Insufficient Attunement Slots? I want to attune a spell but It says I have insufficient slots. Guides. Upgraded versions must be acquired. Full list of all 43 Dark Souls III achievements worth 1,000 gamerscore. Enjoy!Also please let me know in. Darkmoon Ring Effect: Attunement Slots +2 (Rank 1 reward from the Bronze Darkmoon Covenant. Board Messages. Reviews. Mail breaker; leather shield; full sorcerer's robes set; sorcerer's staff spellcasting weapon ; Young Dragon Ring how to get attunement slots ds3 power of sorceries. If you're going full send with an int build, you'll need these to melt bosses and enemies: † 60 int † Crown of Dusk (found in Farron Keep) † Young Dragon Ring (given to the player but Orbeck or starting equip for sorcerer) † Bellowing Dragoncrest Ring (found in Irithyll Dungeon) † Magic Clutch Ring (found in Irithyll) † Scholar's Candlestick in your off. Attunement is needed on top of the already required damage-based. Lloyd’s Sword Ring: Increases attack when at full health. Bellowing Dragoncrest Ring Effect. Blacksmith Andre will not upgrade or allot your estus before you acquire the Ashen Estus Flask. Infusing Weapons. To use the "Dragon Head" or "Dragon Torso", use the appropriate stones in item list. The way to get more magic slots (able to equip more spells) is to level up your attunement stat. r/darksouls3. Carthus Shotel/Warden Twinblades These are both good options for curved swords, personally I'm not a fan but they do have specialised uses. Drop down and run past it and take cover behind the building. Dusk Crown Ring: Reduces consumption of FP but also lowers HP. As Power Within is already in effect you don't lose anything. 60TCW. Lowest Vigor, therefore, lowest amount of HP. Submit. heavenscloudrm 12 years ago #2. You cannot attune to another item whose name includes "Tuning". Melina is the NPC who manages the allocation of stats, players have the flexibility to distribute their stats as per their preferred playstyle, creating a diverse range of builds. 35 vigor will be at 40 with prisoners chain, endurance is personal preference, I run around with 15 (20) with prisoners chain. This will give the player access to four Attunement Slots, and a very large mana bar. exe" file. It loses a ton scaling. Ds 3 Attunement Slots Ring : Airship Adventure. Needs to beat the Abyss Watchers so fucking good luck. Help?? There is a stat you need to level up called ATT (attunement). Grants an additional Attunement slot when equipped. FotM mastery allows you access to a vendor on floating isle. Attunement - Dark Souls 3 Wiki. These rings can be found throughout the game or obtained as rewards for completing certain quests. Lucatiel's Mask is obtained by. The Dark Sun Gwyndolin is the only remaining deity in Anor. Cleric. Yes nerf, but there is a ring that gives you 2 additional attunement slots Reply reply Qvar. The Saint's Ring increases the number of attunement slots by 1, instantly allowing you an extra slot even if your attunement attribute doesn't allow for one. 8: Gives 2 extra attunement slots. Amazon. One for the basic, two for the +1, three for the +2. This ring is granted to adherents of Gwyndolin, Darkmoon deity and last born of Gwyn, Lord of Sunlight. Related Topics Dark Souls Action role-playing game Role-playing video game Action game Gaming comments sorted by. As Power Within is already in effect you don't lose anything. Avery powerful one, too. The clerics of Carim had always strongly asserted that Lloyd was a derivative fraud, and that the Allfather title was self-proclaimed. Nothing will change my mind on this. Players can equip up to 2 Rings, but equipping two of the same item is not possible. There are 71 rings that you can get during your first NG, 21 from NG+, and 16 from NG++ for 108 total. First playthrough. ; Weight: 1. Firelink Shrine (3 rd Inner Floor) Farron Ring. Homing Soulmass (provides additional defense and intimidation). Unlike in Dark Souls 1, Rapport is a ranged spell. Place "modengine. 05 Dec 2022 05:20 . Also determines number of attunement slots. Board Topics. ; Wears the Elite Knight Set. Attunement slots are based on Attunement, at level 10 Attunement the player gains his first Attunement Slot. The player will enter a room with a Devout of the Deep wielding a crossbow that had previously attacked. Certain spells cost more than a single Memory Slot to memorize. Notably you recieve 9-10 Focus points per point of Attunement between 28-35 Attunement. ' Attribute governing FP. To maximize the potential of your ds3 pyromancy build, you’ll want to aim for the following stat distribution: Vigor: 27 (for a decent health pool) Attunement: 24-30 (for more FP and attunement slots) Endurance: 30 (for sufficient stamina) Vitality: 8-15 (depending on your equipment load)Farron Ring - Additionally adds 20/sec SP recovery and 1 FP recovery Pontiff's Left Eye - Increases Attunement, Intelligence and Faith by 8, reduces absorptions by 10% Dragonscale Ring - Additionally adds 10% HP, SP, FP Dark Wood Grain Ring - Decreases weapon skill and spell FP cost by 15%; adds 15% max FP ; subtracts 10%. All runnning attacks do more poise damage than the weapon's regular R1s, both 1h and 2h. Attunement used to give you more spell slots and more casts of those spells. 45. 3-1. 3300. Common weapon requirement, especially faster, lighter weapons. Players can equip up to 2 Rings, but equipping two of the same item is not possible. Dexterity is the main damage stat for characters using lighter, faster, and 'advanced' weapons in DS3. 101-1. Ring of the moon deity Gwyndolin, youngest son of Gwyn, the First Lord. Depending on your build it may be worth leveling dex though, you get an extra ring slot (which comes in handy for a caster since both dragon rings are pretty much obligatory) and there's a couple of weapons that scale with Int/dex like Friede's Scythe or. Display Name. ". 24 Feb 2020 15:18 . Very slowly regenerates HP. For each point of luck you get: A bonus to Bleed and Poison Buildup on opponents (Mobs, Bosses, and other players) Anri's Straight Sword has Damage Scaling with Luck. Grand Archives might be the most complex area in Dark Souls 3, which makes turning it into a useful map somewhat challenging. 5; Ability: Allow attunement of additional spells; Location: Drops from a Deacon in a tower outside the Cathedral of the Deep. Here is the Dark Souls III Master Of Rings Trophy Guide. Casting spells consumes Stamina and FP. Best Hexes in Dark Souls 2. It grants additional attunement slots. The Lucerne is wielded overhand like a hammer, or can be swung from the side to break through shields. last born of Gwyn, Lord of Sunlight. Ring 1: Young Dragon Ring ; Ring 2: Bellowing Dragoncrest Ring. Casting Speed rises by two points until it is 115. Just freed up an attunement spot by infusion a Great Carthus Curved Sword with chaos, for that A/A Int/Faith scaling (and really decent dex scaling). Reply Replies (4) 5 +1. Much time has passed since the worship of Lloyd was common in the Way of White. Nice. The three basic magic schools of become separate classes, including geomancy, cryomancy, divine. It makes use of only one Catalyst, the Pyromancy Flame , and neither it nor the spells it utilises have any stat restrictions. Your Attunement stat determines your attunement slots. Bring up the equipment menu, under rings. If I were doing poison claws, I would be running sanguine and rat king rings, stone ring, and either chloranthy, ring of blades, and Flynn's ring, or, if dipping into a tertiary spell or two, Southern ritual ring. C$2,500. Players can equip up to 4 Rings, but equipping two of the same item is not possible. Bountiful Sunlight, Chaos Fire Whip, Chaos Storm, Great Chaos Fireball, Soothing Sunlight, Sunlight Spear, and Pursuers require two attunement slots each. Blood Gem Usage. 15 MAY 2016 a las 8:55 Publicado originalmente por bigdale: They are. This ring is granted to adherents of. Stats for the Ultimate DS3 Pyromancy Build. I haven't found any other way. does not directly correspond to the SL metas of DS or DS3 because 1) there are a different number of stats in each game, 2) levels cost significantly more in DS3 than DS1 or DS3, and 3) Absorption works differently in each. The +1 variant can be found in a chest in the Brightstone Cove Tseldora. Respawnable. but decided on DS3 because I’ve heard more consistant good things about DS3 than eldin. Patched with regulation 1. 👉 Ds3 attunement slots Ds3 attunement slots Each type of bonus has different wagering requirements, and some even have separate bonus codes. To show arrow attack and bolt attack, you must select bow and crossbow. I prefer to stick to stuff that doesn't require much stamina. By increasing the Attunement stat (at 14 or so you get an additional slot, and so on and so forth). Please see Status Icons to understand the icons displayed under your healthbar when you have an active. Installation tutorial video by Schiyo here. The basic version can be found past the Belfry Gargoyles in Belfry Luna. The Darkmoon Seance Ring is a ring in Dark Souls. Updated Dec 3, 2021 Dark Souls 3 has a lot of different rings to equip — today, we're counting off the best of them. Attunement rings . Put 30 into faith and 30 into Intelligence and go make yourself a dark or chaos weapon. The shot from the ballista will break the wall behind you and reveal a hidden item. One of the best offensive miracles in ds3 I have defeated Midir twice with this badass only on NG & NG+ with yorshka's chime +9 60 fth and lighting clutch ring it. DS3 Ring Tier List. This guide will show you all rings in Dark Souls 3, their effects and locations. Unlike Strength, two-handing weapons does not decrease the dexterity requirement. White Seance Ring: Attunement slots: +1 slot: Location: The Duke's Archives: Darkmoon Seance Ring: Attunement slots: +1 slot. Description Ring of the moon deity Gwyndolin, youngest son of Gwyn, the First Lord. Allows attunement of additional spells. Grants 15% Fire boost but reduces absorption by 10%. Players cannot use their Weapon's Skill without first putting a Small Shield away or without two-handing their Weapon. Dragonslayer Set. Grants 50% increase in Estus Recovery. The rings in this game or more specifically the way they’re handled is way better than DS3 where they got nerfed hard and some even split into NG+ cycles. With all the materials, every dark pyromancy cast will be increased by 67 percent with this build. The Darkmoon Seance Ring is a ring in Dark Souls. Your AC becomes increased by +2 while attuned to this ring. Attunement Slots are given at 10, 14, 18, 24, 30, 40, and 50 points. Iudex Gundyr is a large humanoid clad in heavy armor and attacks the. The sun sword is really bad for infusions. How to get the Darkmoon Ring/ prof of Concord kept(10)/ Farming the silver knights/ Darkmoon Blade location. Once at the bottom, out the only door, there will be an angel-like hollow firing projectiles at you. How to Increases Memory Slots in Elden Ring. 6: 40. you need to level up attunement to get spell slots some classes start with some attunement levels but others dont. Ring of Tuning. iirc you can't get the saint ring if you complete irinas quest. The motion value of a backstab with a straight sword does not change with Hornet Ring. Increases target priority to the player by 10, boosts Magic, Fire, Lightning and Dark absorptions by 50% and reduces Physical absorption by 50%. Questions. Ring 3: Flynn's Ring. Attunement. Witches ring & fire clutch ring and a couple more. Im using the Cinder mod atm and magic is so fun but attunement is basically locked to 12 for me so I'm wondering if there is a mod with more attunement slots, like 10 more for example. how are there still question marks in a data chart for a game this old. Related: Dark Souls 3: A Complete Guide To Miracles. Havel’s ring and phys defense rings are good replacements. Summary; Release Data; Game. All Classes begin the game. Anonymous. Submit. DS3: Modding Movesets 101 - Basics of the Basics (DS3) WhurDaMuffinsAt: If you're looking to get into modding DS3 weapon movesets, this tutorial is your starting point. Splitleaf Greatsword is a Weapon in Dark Souls 3. This slot features sparkles, unicorns, sparkles, rainbows, and sparkles! ” dvancing to the next status level is now simpler than ever! Be sure to take advantage of Caesars Slots double and triple Status Points promotions to tier up quicker! “. Equip it for an extra slot. Firelink Shrine - Transposed from the Soul of Corrupted Gundyr. Submit. and I genuinely cannot believe they went back to dexterity determining cast speed in both DS3 AND Elden Ring. Attunement is the stat that allows the use of spells, alongside Intelligence; basically, attunement is how many spells (sorcories, miracles, or pyromancies) Leaf-colored crown ring bestowed upon the princess of Oolacile, ancient land of golden sorceries. Insufficient attunement slots? I started as a warrior with low INT and i wanted to learn some pyromancy spells, i have bought 2 basic pyromancy spells but when i attempt to attune the spells i get that message. Reply Replies (1) 47 +1. The build is quite ok, two points from attunement are wasted, put them into endurance f. Defeat the pair of Cathedral Knights guarding the fog door leading to Ocerios, the Consumed. Make sure you have Dusk Crown. From the Cleansing Chapel, walk through the shortcut door on the left (having opened it previously) and take the nearby lift up the tower. Magic, Faith, and Pyromancy Builds can be complex, as they require many stats for you to be able to cast spells. That said, the top 4 rings for a sorcerer build are as follows: 4.